05 Sci-Tech

Two major AI security flaws have been revealed; corporations aren’t building safeguards into their AIs and there is a security vulnerability in the code itself.

  • A survey of 1,200 top-level executives has revealed that over 1/3 of organizations deploying AI have no deactivation plan should they go rogue.
  • A security code vulnerability has been revealed in the open-source framework Starlette that allows hackers to take over servers and capture sensitive data from the servers.

The Great AI Agent Suicide Pact Proves Governance Is Dead-The Industry’s Favorite New Way to Self-Destruct – HPCwirehpcwire.com
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EXCERPT:

A massive survey of 1,200 C-suite executives has revealed a governance gap so wide you could fly a fleet of malfunctioning drones through it. According to the latest JumpCloud research, while nearly every major enterprise has deployed AI agents into critical workflows, over a third of these organizations have no way to immediately deactivate them if they go rogue.

Let that sink in. We are handing the keys to the kingdom to autonomous software entities that can move at machine speed, yet we forgot to install a brake pedal. It’s the digital equivalent of building a self-driving car where the only way to stop it is to wait for it to hit a brick wall. This isn’t just a “glitch”; it is a systemic failure of leadership that treats AI like a magic wand rather than the high-yield explosive it actually is….

A recent MIT report highlights a staggering 95 percent failure rate for generative AI pilots at the enterprise level. When you deploy technology before you understand its logic—or lack thereof—failure isn’t just a possibility; it’s a mathematical certainty. In the rush to look “AI-forward,” companies are bypassing the boring but essential steps of E.E.A.T. (Experience, Expertise, Authoritativeness, and Trustworthiness).

Millions of AI agents imperiled by critical vulnerability in open source package arstechnica.com
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EXCERPT:

Millions of AI agents and tools around the world have been imperiled by a critical vulnerability that can allow hackers to breach the servers running them and make off with sensitive data and credentials to third-party accounts, a security researcher is warning.

The vulnerability is present in Starlette, an open source framework that its developer says receives 325 million downloads per week. Thousands of other open source projects are also vulnerable because they require Starlette to work. The framework is an implementation of the ASGI (asynchronous server gateway interface), which allows large numbers of requests to be efficiently processed simultaneously. Starlette is the base of FastAPI and other widely used frameworks for building services in Python apps, as well as many others….

“A single character injected into the HTTP Host header bypasses path-based authorization in Starlette, the routing core of FastAPI,” researchers from Secwest wrote. “Through FastAPI, this primitive (now tracked as CVE-2026-48710 and branded BadHost by the discoverers) reaches a large segment of the Python AI tooling ecosystem: vLLM (where the bug was discovered), LiteLLM, Text Generation Inference, most OpenAI-shim proxies, MCP servers, agent harnesses, eval dashboards, and model-management UIs.”

BadHost carries a severity rating of 7 out of 10. Secwest said the classification “materially understates” the threat it poses to people using other apps that depend on Starlette. X41 D-Sec, the security firm that discovered it, described it as having “critical severity.” X41 D-Sec partnered with fellow security firm Nemesis to create an online scanner that can check if a given server is vulnerable.

The wanna-be world czar Bill Gates signaled to the world that the climate change hoax jig was up after admitting “The doomsday outlook is causing much of the climate community to focus too much on near-term emissions goals, and it’s diverting resources from the most effective things we should be doing to improve life in a warming world. The biggest problems are poverty and disease, just as they always have been.”

This signals a potential shift in globalist strategy from promising to save the world from human greed and the brown people from the white devil, they’re going to go back to the basics, economic class. President Trump wasn’t letting Gates surrender so gently, however.

He quipped back, “I (WE!) just won the War on the Climate Change Hoax. Bill Gates has finally admitted that he was completely WRONG on the issue,” he added. “It took courage to do so, and for that we are all grateful. MAGA!!!”

Blurb:

President Donald Trump said opponents of the “climate change hoax” had won the struggle after Bill Gates said supporters should pivot their efforts.

Gates has been a longtime proponent of policies to fight climate change, but on Monday he took a far more moderate tone that accepted the survivability of slightly higher global temperatures.

‘Bill Gates has finally admitted that he was completely WRONG on the issue.’

“I (WE!) just won the War on the Climate Change Hoax,” the president wrote on his Truth Social account.

“Bill Gates has finally admitted that he was completely WRONG on the issue,” he added. “It took courage to do so, and for that we are all grateful. MAGA!!!”

China tightens rare earth export controls, targets defence, semiconductor users
from finance.yahoo.com

Blurb:

BEIJING (Reuters) -China tightened its rare earth export controls on Thursday, expanding restrictions on processing technology, unauthorised overseas cooperation and spelling out its intention to limit exports to overseas defence and semiconductor users.

Exports of technology used to mine and process rare earths or make the associated magnets is barred without permission, the Ministry of Commerce said in a statement. Many of these technologies are already restricted and it was not immediately clear what the new rules will add.

China added several rare earths and related material to its export control list in April, however Thursday’s announcement explicitly said licenses are unlikely to be granted for defence companies as well as certain users in the semiconductor sector.

 

Parents in the US brace as China’s AI toy trend goes global

from www.techspot.com

Blurb:

The market for AI toys in China is predicted to grow faster than any other consumer AI sector, writes MIT Technology Review, reaching $14 billion by 2030. That’s not surprising when there are around 1,500 AI toy companies operating in the country as of October 2025.

 

Climate change: News, features and articles | Live Science

Climate change threatens Europe’s resources, European Union warns – India Today
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Excerpt:

The European Environment Agency said biodiversity in Europe is declining due to unsustainable production and consumption, especially in the food system.

Due to over-exploitation of natural resources, pollution and invasive alien species, more than 80 per cent of protected habitats are in a poor or bad state, it said,

“The degradation of our natural world jeopardises the European way of life,” the agency said in its report: “Europe’s environment 2025”.

“Europe is critically dependent on natural resources for economic security, to which climate change and environmental degradation pose a direct threat.”

Europe is the world’s fastest-warming continent and is experiencing worsening droughts and other extreme weather events.

But governments are grappling with other priorities including industrial competitiveness, and negotiations on EU climate targets have stoked divisions between richer and poorer countries.

WHO

WHO flags surge in drug-resistant bacteria, warns of innovation crisis – Business Standard
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Excerpt:

Across the world, doctors are sounding the alarm: drug-resistant bacteria are spreading faster than new treatments and diagnostic tools can keep up. The World Health Organisation (WHO) says the rise of antimicrobial resistance (AMR), when bacteria, viruses, and other microbes no longer respond to medicines is among the top threats to public health, claiming over a million lives annually.
Yet despite the growing threat, the pipeline of new antibacterial treatments is shrinking and struggling to innovate.

TikTok: The Complete History and Strategy

Netanyahu hails TikTok takeover as Israel’s new ‘weapon’ in information war– www.lifesitenews.com
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Excerpt:

The Israeli prime minister was speaking to a group of “pro-Israel influencers” in a meeting after his address at the United Nations General Assembly last Friday were an overwhelming majority of national delegations walked out in apparent protest to what is widely considered a genocidal war he and his nation are inflicting against the Palestinian people in Gaza.

A media release from Netanyahu’s office reported the prime minister spoke with this group of “pro-Israel American influencers” about “challenges in the new era, as well as the public diplomacy efforts and the influence of the social networks on the discourse for and against Israel.”

Asked about how to combat dangers to the Zionist cause due to a potential loss of Evangelical support in the United States, which is also impacted by popular Israel-critics Candace Owens and Tucker Carlson, Netanyahu directed his listeners to considering social media as “tools for battle” and then emphasized the expected purchase of TikTok to be “most important” in serving Israel’s interests in this regard.

“What we have to do is we have to secure that part of the base of our support in the United States, that is being challenged systematically… How do we fight back? Our influencers, I think you should also talk to them if you have a chance,” the prime minister said. “And secondly, we’re going to have to use the tools of battle. The weapons change over time… we have to fight with the weapons that apply to the battlefields within which we’re engaged. And the most important ones are on social media.”

RFK Jr

Trump, RFK Jr. outline plan to attack autism, issue warning about Tylenol during pregnancy– www.lifesitenews.com
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Excerpt:

From the outset of his current administration, President Trump has made the prevention and improved treatment of autism an all-hands-on-deck priority. 

“Effective immediately, the FDA will be notifying physicians that the use of acetaminophen — commonly known as Tylenol — during pregnancy can be associated with a risk of increase of autism,” Trump said. “For this reason, they are strongly recommending that women limit Tylenol use during pregnancy.”

“Taking Tylenol is not good,” said Trump, who emphasized, “I’ll say it. It’s not good.”

Kennedy, the Secretary of Health and Human Services (HHS), expanded on the President’s comments. 

“To meet the president’s challenge, I ordered HHS to launch an unprecedented, all-agency effort to identify all causes of autism, including toxic and pharmaceutical exposures,” Kennedy said. 

“At President Trump’s urging, NIH (the National Institute of Health), FDA (the Food and Drug Administration), the CDC (Centers for Disease Control), and CMS (Centers for Medicare and Medicaid Services) are turning over every stone to identify the (causes) of the autism epidemic and how patients and parents can prevent and reverse this alarming trend,” Kennedy said. 

 

Apple steps up war of words with European regulators– www.bbc.com
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Excerpt:

“Bureaucrats in Brussels” are unfairly challenging Apple’s closed ecosystem and denying users the “magical, innovative experience” that makes the firm unique, Apple said.

“We have a serious threat to that in Europe,” executive Greg Joswiak said in advance of the recent launch of its newest products and features.

The so-called walled garden that combines Apple’s products and software ensures a safe and high quality experience for users, it says, but EU regulators counter that it unfairly shuts out rivals.

The two sides have had years of rows, culminating in a €500m (£430m; $586m) fine handed down in April by the EU, which accuses the tech giant of anti-competitive behaviour on its App Store.

As part of the Digital Markets Act (DMA), which came into force in 2022 and began to apply in 2024, the EU targets several major tech companies.

In Apple’s case, the DMA requires it in part to ensure that devices, such as headphones, made by other brands will work with iPhones.

How Elementary Particles Die | Science 2.0– www.science20.com
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Excerpt:

A preamble

Subnuclear physics obeys the laws of quantum mechanics,
which are quite a far cry from those of classical mechanics we are accustomed
to. For that reason, one might be inclined to believe that analogies based on
everyday life cannot come close to explaining the behavior of elementary
particles. But that is not true – in fact, many properties of elementary
particles are understandable in analogy with the behavior of classical systems,
without the need to delve into the intricacies of the quantum world. And if you
have been reading this blog for a while, you know what I think – the analogy is
a powerful didactical instrument, and it is indeed at the very core of our
learning processes.

The above has a relevance here because in this post I wish
to try and explain in as simple terms as possible how subnuclear particles
decay. I took inspiration for this from a recent conversation I had with my
son, who was asking explanations on a non-trivial rule that forbids some
quantum mechanical decay processes. The rule, called OZI (from the names of the
three theorists who proposed it in the 1970ies, Okubo, Zweig, and Iizuka),
applies to hadrons (particles made of quarks) disintegrating into other
hadrons. I will get to it later in this article, but first I want to clarify a
few more fundamental concepts about particle decays.

Early humans may have walked from Türkiye to mainland Europe– cosmosmagazine.com
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Excerpt:

While it has long been thought that early humans arrived in mainland Europe from Africa via the Middle East and the Balkans, a new study hypothesises that they may have also moved through Ayvalık, Türkiye.

The study, published in the Journal of Island and Coast Archaeology, presents 138 lithic or stone artifacts discovered in Ayvalık which indicate early hominins may have been living in the region.

The archaeological findings suggest that early hominins may have been able to cross between present-day Europe and Türkiye on continuous landmasses that are now submerged beneath the Aegean Sea.

“We are very excited and delighted with this discovery,” says author of the study, Dr Göknur Karahan, from Hacettepe University in Türkiye.

“These findings mark Ayvalık as a potential new frontier in the story of human evolution, placing it firmly on the map of human prehistory – opening up a new possibility for how early humans may have entered Europe.”

Venezuelan president’s YouTube account offline as tensions with US escalate– abcnews.go.com
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Excerpt:

BOGOTA, Colombia — The YouTube account of Venezuelan President Nicolas Maduro was offline Saturday, with Venezuelan state-run channel Telesur claiming in a message on X that it was “eliminated” late the previous night without justification.

YouTube’s parent company Google did not immediately respond to questions on the apparent termination of the Venezuelan president’s account. It comes amid rising tensions between Venezuela and the United States over the deployment of American warships and fighter jets in the southern Caribbean.

Maduro’s YouTube account had more than 200,000 followers before it became unavailable Friday and was used to publish the Venezuelan president’s speeches, as well as clips from his weekly show on Venezuelan state TV.

On its website, YouTube says it eliminates accounts that commit “repeated violations of community guidelines” that include publishing misinformation, hate speech and content that “interferes with democratic processes.”

Maduro has been widely accused of stealing last year’s presidential election in Venezuela, which he lost by a landslide according to tally sheets gathered by hundreds of Venezuelan opposition activists. Venezuela’s elections agency, which is controlled by the ruling socialist party, never published tally sheets to support its claim that Maduro won the vote.

TikTok’s Algorithm Will Soon Be “Controlled By America” – Mother Jones– www.motherjones.com
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Excerpt:

After years of bipartisan warnings about TikTok’s potential national security risks, users may soon confront a different kind of threat, perhaps even worse: an algorithm “controlled by America.”

White House press secretary Karoline Leavitt confirmed the detail on Saturday, a key aspect of the emerging agreement announced by the Trump administration last week between the United States and China. The deal could finally settle TikTok’s fate in the US following months of uncertainty with a brief ban, reversal by the Trump administration, and shifting, self-imposed deadlines for an agreement.

“There will be seven seats on the board that controls the app in the US, and six of those seats will be Americans,” Leavitt told Fox News. “The data and privacy will be led by one of America’s greatest tech companies, Oracle, and the algorithm will also be controlled by America.”

It’s unclear what exactly a US-controlled algorithm will involve. Right-wing conspiracy theories? Charlie Kirk memorials? Coupons for MAGA swag? Nor did Leavitt specify which American individuals would be involved in determining an algorithm. We also have little details on how Oracle CEO Larry Ellison, a Trump loyalist, intends to approach the responsibility for managing TikTok’s data and security while the Trump administration weaponizes everything from voting data to confidential Social Security records.

CDC committee votes to change measles vaccine guidance for young children– www.livescience.com
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Excerpt:

An influential Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) committee has announced new recommendations for the combined measles, mumps, rubella and varicella (MMRV) vaccine.

The members of the committee, called the Advisory Committee on Immunization Practices (ACIP), was recently changed under the leadership of Department of Health and Human Services Secretary (HHS) Robert F. Kennedy Jr. All 17 previous members were removed and then replaced with a new group, which includes several prominent anti-vaccine advocates.

NVIDIA Ethernet Networking Accelerates World's Largest AI ...

Intel surges 24% as Nvidia to invest $5 billion in chipmaker– www.cnbc.com
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Excerpt:

Nvidia said it will invest $5 billion in Intel as part of a deal to co-develop data center and PC chips with the troubled chipmaker, which took on the U.S. government as an investor last month.

Nvidia is investing its stake at a price of $23.28 a share, a release from the company said. Intel shares jumped 24% to around $31 a share following news of the deal.

“This historic collaboration tightly couples NVIDIA’s AI and accelerated computing stack with Intel’s CPUs and the vast x86 ecosystem — a fusion of two world-class platforms. Together, we will expand our ecosystems and lay the foundation for the next era of computing,” said Nvidia CEO Jensen Huang in a release.

Nvidia now joins Softbank and the U.S. government in supporting Intel’s turnaround.

Intel shares, which hit their lowest in more than a decade earlier this year, rebounded after finding renewed support from the Trump administration, striking a deal for the U.S. government to invest 10% in the chipmaker in August.

Softbank also made a $2 billion investment with Intel in August.

Colorado - Government, Society, Politics | Britannica

Sending Government-Mandated Messages to Minors on Social Media Platforms: Colorado’s Unconstitutional Experiment | American Enterprise Institute– www.aei.org
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Excerpt:

“Attention youth: We interrupt your social media experience to bring you this government-compelled, state-sanctioned message to help you ‘understand the impact of social media on the developing brain and the mental and physical health of youth users.’ This message will be repeated.’”

That sounds like a far-fetched way to educate minors about alleged and vehemently contested problems with using social media, but something similar might soon become reality in Colorado unless a judge issues an injunction in NetChoice v. Weiser. Compelling private entities to host disputed messages they disagree with––NetChoice calls Colorado’s statements “state-compelled opinions”––raises profound First Amendment problems, but that’s what the statute in Weiser seemingly does.

Via Adobe Stock.

The US Supreme Court has “held time and again that freedom of speech ‘includes both the right to speak freely and the right to refrain from speaking at all.’” It recently added that the government generally “may not compel a person to speak its own preferred messages.” Given this principle against government-compelled expression, the better––and constitutional––method for addressing Colorado’s frets about minors’ social media usage is for the state to run its own educational and advertising campaigns––ones that don’t co-opt platforms to do the hard work for it.

Study Finds Earth's Small Asteroid Visitor Likely Chunk of Moon ...

City-killer asteroid 2024 YR4’s chances of hitting Earth increase; NASA releases likely impact zone list–Check if you are in danger? – MSN
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Excerpt:

A newly discovered asteroid, 2024 YR4, has raised concerns among astronomers after NASA confirmed its growing probability of colliding with Earth. Originally detected on 27 December 2023 by the El Sauce Observatory in Chile, the space rock has a 3.1% chance of impact on 22 December 2032—the highest probability ever recorded by modern forecasting systems.

The asteroid, measuring between 130 and 300 feet wide, is comparable in size to the Statue of Liberty. Though not large enough to cause global devastation, scientists warn it could destroy a city if it strikes. With a velocity nearing 40,000 miles per hour, an impact could unleash energy equivalent to eight megatons of TNT—500 times more powerful than the Hiroshima bomb.

NASA and the European Space Agency (ESA) are closely tracking 2024 YR4’s trajectory. The ESA currently places the impact probability at 2.8%, slightly lower than NASA’s estimate.

“This is not a crisis at this point in time,” said Richard Moissl, head of ESA’s planetary defence office. “This is not the dinosaur killer. This is not the planet killer. This is at most dangerous for a city.”

The International Asteroid Warning Network (IAWN) first issued a warning memo on 29 January, after the probability of impact surpassed 1%. Since then, astronomers have been refining calculations as more data becomes available. Some experts believe further observations could reduce the risk to zero, as has happened with previous asteroids.

Oracle, Among Others, Prepares to take over TikTok

TikTok restoring US service as Trump promises executive order to ...

TikTok to be controlled by US-led group including Oracle, Andreessen Horowitz: report – New York Post
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Excerpt:

President Trump’s potential deal to avoid a TikTok ban is taking shape – with several prominent US tech and investor firms set to take majority control of the China-owned app.

Under the proposed terms, a group including billionaire Larry Ellison’s Oracle, Silver Lake and Andreessen Horowitz would form a new entity overseeing TikTok’s US operations, The Wall Journal reported, citing people familiar with the matter.

The US group will reportedly own a combined stake of approximately 80%, with Chinese investors holding the rest. Under the TikTok divestment law passed by Congress last year, Chinese ownership can’t exceed 20%.

Internet censorship: a 2022 review - Surfshark

FCC chief pushes back on social media crackdown talk in wake of Kirk assassination – The Hill
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Excerpt:

FCC Chair Brendan Carr on Tuesday declined to endorse the idea of stricter regulations on social media companies as several of the world’s largest platforms face increased scrutiny over content moderation on political issues.

“Clearly we need a change in direction on some of these issues,” Carr said when asked at the Politico AI and Tech Summit about last week’s assassination of conservative activist Charlie Kirk. “When it comes to social media … we saw a lot of censorship around the time of COVID

Carr praised the efforts of tech billionaires like Elon Musk and Mark Zuckerberg, who he said have “re-embraced the idea of free speech.”

“My view today is we need to empower individual users to make their own content moderation decisions,” he said. “And give them the tools to curate their online persona.”

Zoom in on Tim Cook: Chief Executive Officer of Apple

Tim Cook Says Apple Will Invest $600 Billion In US Manufacturing, Creating A ‘Domino Effect’ As iPhone 17 Pre-Orders Show Strong Momentum – Yahoo Finance
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Excerpt:

Apple Inc. (NASDAQ:AAPL) CEO Tim Cook said the company’s record $600 billion investment in U.S. manufacturing over the next four years will benefit 79 factories nationwide and spark a “domino effect” of growth, as early data points to strong iPhone 17 demand.

In an interview with CNBC’s Jim Cramer that was published on Monday, Cook focused on Apple’s unprecedented domestic investment plan.

“We can’t be everywhere. I wish we could, but we are putting $600 billion to work in the next four years,” Cook said. “And so it is an extraordinary commitment. And there’s 79 factories across the U.S. that will benefit from this.”

Eye Drops: Types, Uses, Potential Risks & Benefits

Eye Drops May One Day Replace Reading Glasses, and Could Help Our Vision as we Age– www.discovermagazine.com
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Excerpt:

As we age, we’ll all experience a decline in our vision and will likely need reading glasses. Instead of reaching for those glasses though, imagine taking 2 to 3 eyedrops a day to see something up close.

New research that experts will present at the 43rd Congress of the European Society of Cataract and Refractive Surgeons (ESCRS) explores presbyopia, the condition that makes it hard for the eye to focus on close objects and text, and how eye drops could one day replace eyeglasses.

For this study, lead researcher Giovanna Benozzi, who is also the director of the Center for Advanced Research for Presbyopia in Buenos Aires, Argentina, and her team followed a group of 766 presbyopia patients with an average age of 55 years. The team’s hope was to help find an alternative solution to glasses and eye surgery.

“We conducted this research due to the significant unmet medical need in presbyopia management. Current solutions, such as reading glasses or surgical interventions, have limitations, including inconvenience, social discomfort, and potential risks or complications,” Benozzi said in a press release.

“There is a group of presbyopia patients who have limited options besides spectacles, and who are not candidates for surgery; these are our primary focus of interest,” Bennozi added in the press release.

Graphene - Wikipedia

New graphene oxide super-material is on the way to delivering next-generation supercapacitors, researchers say – Australian Manufacturing Forum
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Excerpt:

Australian researchers have identified “a new kind of carbon-based material” allowing supercapacitors to store as much energy as lead-acid batteries while also performing better than conventional batteries at delivering power quickly.

According to a statement from the university on Tuesday, the results are “a major leap forward” for fast, powerful energy storage devices, and are now being commercialised by Ionic Industries.

The new material is named as multiscale reduced graphene oxide (M-rGO) and was created from naturally-occurring graphite. It is described as being made using a “rapid thermal annealing process” and featuring a “highly curved graphene structure with precise pathways for ions to move quickly and efficiently”.

The promising new material is detailed in a new paper in Nature Communications.

Monash’s Professor Mainak Majumder, who was part of the research team and heads the ARC Research Hub for Advanced Manufacturing with 2D Materials (AM2D), said that M-rGO made much more surface area available for storing energy, and which was unlocked by the method of heat treatment.

US drone dilemma: Why the most advanced military in the world is playing catchup on the modern battlefield – CNN

This Gigantic Chinese Mothership Can Launch 100 Drones Over 4,500 ...

US drone dilemma: Why the most advanced military in the world is playing catchup on the modern battlefield – CNN
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Excerpt:

Defense officials are now rushing to catch up.

In July, Secretary of Defense Pete Hegseth circulated a memo to senior leaders aimed at accelerating the US military’s adoption of drones. In recent months, US troops began building and 3-D printing drones and training on simulators reminiscent of video games to learn how to guide small systems through windows, around corners or into an enemy tank’s hatch.

“This is not tomorrow’s problem. This is today’s problem,” Maj. Gen. Curt Taylor, commander of the US Army’s 1st Armored Division, told CNN at an Army conference in Germany in July. “And the first fight of the next war is going to involve more drones than any of us have ever seen.”

COVID-19 is still a threat, but getting a vaccine is harder for many people– www.sciencenews.org

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Excerpt:

Traveling across state lines in search of an available shot. Scrambling to get a doctor’s prescription. Showing up for a pharmacy vaccination appointment only to be denied. Those are some of the stories people have been describing to journalists and on social media as they share whether or not they could get the latest COVID-19 vaccine, updated to better match coronavirus strains in circulation.

This reality contradicts Health and Human Services Secretary Robert Kennedy Jr.’s testimony in a Sept. 4 congressional hearing that everybody can get the vaccine. In May, the U.S. Food and Drug Administration placed restrictions on who is eligible for the COVID-19 shot. Previously, the Moderna and Pfizer formulations were available for anyone 6 months and older, with Novavax OK’d for those 12 and up. Now, the FDA has stated, those 6 months to 64 years old can receive the vaccine only if they have a medical condition that increases the risk of severe COVID-19 disease.